Ethereum processes about 15 million gas per block today. Five independent upgrades compound to 100x that number over three years.
The Roadmap
Three layers compound: execution (gas limits), data (blob throughput), proofs (ZK verification).
Parallel Block Verification
Access lists let validators verify non-conflicting transactions simultaneously — 5-8x faster on 8 cores.
How Access Lists Enable Parallelism
Each transaction declares which storage slots it reads and writes — the EVM groups non-conflicting transactions into parallel lanes.
ePBS: Using the Whole Slot
Separates block building from proposing, giving validators the full 12-second slot to verify larger blocks.
The Slot Budget
Today validators verify in ~300ms (2.5% of the slot) — ePBS restructures timing to give 4 seconds, enabling 13x larger blocks.
Gas Evolution
Each resource (compute, state, calldata, blobs) gets its own gas limit and fee market.
The Overflow Reservoir
The Glamsterdam reservoir gives legacy contracts a single gas number while specialized dimensions price each resource independently.
Blobs and PeerDAS
Validators sample random blob columns instead of downloading everything — scales to 128 blobs/block.
Erasure Coding
Reed-Solomon coding expands blob data with parity columns — any 50% of validators can reconstruct the full dataset.
ZK-EVM: Staged Rollout
Validators verify a succinct proof instead of re-executing every transaction. A Raspberry Pi can validate.
Prover Consensus
Five independent prover teams generate proofs separately — 3-of-5 must agree, so a single buggy implementation can't compromise the network.
EOF: Structured Contracts
Explicit code/data sections enable static analysis, faster parallel execution, and cheaper ZK circuits.
Full Stack Convergence
Parallel verification × ePBS × multidimensional gas × PeerDAS × ZK-EVM = 100x throughput.
Sources
- Vitalik Buterin, "Possible futures of the Ethereum protocol, part 1: The Surge" — Long-term scaling roadmap.
- EIP-4844: Shard Blob Transactions — Proto-danksharding specification.
- PeerDAS specification — Data availability sampling protocol.
- EOF: EVM Object Format (EIP-3540, EIP-7692) — Structured bytecode container.
- Ethereum Roadmap — Official roadmap overview.
Further Reading
- What Are ITPs? — How on-chain index products work on General Market.
- AI Prediction Markets — How AI agents trade prediction markets.
- EIP-8141: Account Abstraction, Finally — The omnibus account abstraction EIP.